Cargo
Introduction to Freight Class
When it comes to shipping freight especially LTL (Less Than Truckload) freight class is one of the most critical pieces of information. It doesn’t just affect how your shipment is handled; it directly impacts the price you’ll pay. Yet, so many shippers still find this system confusing. Let’s break it down and make it easy to understand.
What is Freight Class?
It is a standardized system developed by the National Motor Freight Traffic Association (NMFTA) to classify different types of cargo. This classification helps carriers determine the shipping cost, handling, and risk involved with transporting specific goods.
Why Does Freight Class Matter?
Using the correct freight class ensures:
- Accurate pricing
- Proper handling
- Fewer shipping disputes
- Avoidance of reclassification fees
It’s not just paperwork; this number determines whether your shipping experience is smooth or a financial headache.
Who Uses Freight Class?
Shippers, carriers, brokers, and freight forwarders all rely on freight class to quote rates and plan shipments. It’s especially vital in LTL shipping, where space and weight must be allocated efficiently.
NMFC and the Role It Plays
The National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC) assigns each product a code and corresponding class. This classification considers four major factors to ensure fairness and consistency across the industry.
Factors That Determine Class of Freight
1. Density
How heavy is your shipment compared to its volume? Denser items usually fall into a lower class.
2. Stowability
Can the shipment be easily stored with other freight? Irregular shapes or hazardous materials make stowage harder and can increase the class.
3. Handling
Is special care needed? Fragile or hazardous goods require extra attention.
4. Liability
What’s the risk of damage or theft? High-value items or goods prone to breaking are considered high liability.
Freight Class Categories
There are 18 standard freight classes, ranging from Class 50 (cheapest) to Class 500 (most expensive).
Low Classes (50–85)
Heavy, dense, and easy-to-handle goods fall here. Think bricks, metal bars, and tiles.
Mid-Range Classes (92.5–175)
These cover most standard goods like furniture, electronics, and boxed equipment.
High Classes (200–500)
Light, bulky, fragile, or high-value goods go here like ping pong balls or antique glassware.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Misclassifying Your Freight
Wrong class = extra fees + delayed shipments.
Not Verifying with NMFC
Always check the official NMFC directory, especially if you’re shipping something unusual.
Ignoring Reclassification Penalties
Carriers do check your shipment. If it’s off, you’ll be reclassified and charged for it.
How to Calculate Class of Freight
Using a Density Calculator
Measure the weight and volume of your shipment. Then, divide the weight by volume (in cubic feet).
Step-by-Step Example
- Weight: 400 lbs
- Dimensions: 48″ x 40″ x 48″ (converted to 53.33 cubic feet)
- Density = 400 ÷ 53.33 = 7.5
That puts you in Class 100.
Real-World Examples
Furniture – Often bulky but not too heavy; usually Class 125–175
Machinery – Heavy and dense; typically Class 70–100
Food/Beverages – Depends on packaging. Bottled liquids can fall between Class 85–150
Freight Class and Shipping Costs
The lower the class of freight, the cheaper the rate. Why? Lower classes are more efficient to handle and ship.
Tips to Save on Freight Charges
- Densify your packaging
- Use standard pallets
- Avoid odd shapes or hazardous goods
Tools and Resources
Freight Class Calculators
Many 3PLs and carriers provide online tools to help determine your class of freight.
NMFC Directory Access
Subscribe for up-to-date NMFC codes. Or work with a broker who has access.
Tips for Choosing the Correct Class of Freight
Work with a Freight Broker
They’ll guide you and help avoid costly errors.
Consult Your Carrier
Always double-check your classification before finalizing a quote.
Freight Class vs. Freight Type
Freight class is about rate and handling. Freight type refers to what you’re shipping (e.g., refrigerated, hazardous, etc.). They serve different purposes but often get confused.
Freight Class in LTL (Less Than Truckload) Shipping
In LTL shipping, every inch and every pound counts. Freight class is key to determining how your shipment fits into the puzzle alongside others.
Getting Help with Freight Classification
Role of a 3PL
Third-party logistics providers can classify shipments, offer better rates, and resolve disputes.
Carrier Classification Services
Some carriers will help you determine the right class but always confirm independently.
The Future of Freight Classification
Digitization and AI Tools
Expect smarter freight class prediction tools, especially with AI entering logistics workflows.
Standardization Trends
Industry leaders are pushing for more transparency and easier-to-understand freight rules.
Conclusion
Freight class isn’t just a technical detail it’s a make-or-break factor in shipping success. By understanding what it is, how it’s calculated, and why it matters, you’ll avoid overpaying, reduce delays, and keep your logistics on point. Don’t guess classify smart.
FAQs
1. What happens if I use the wrong class of freight?
You could face reclassification fees, shipment delays, or disputes with carriers.
2. How do I find the correct NMFC code?
Use the NMFTA directory or consult a licensed freight broker.
3. Can the class of freight change during transit?
Yes, if the carrier inspects your freight and finds inconsistencies.
4. Is freight class the same for all carriers?
Most LTL carriers follow NMFC standards, but it’s wise to confirm before shipping.
5. How do I lower my class of freight?
Increase shipment density, use standardized packaging, and avoid odd shapes or hazardous goods.
